Example Neural Systems Involved

  • Ventral Striatum
  • Amygdala
  • Anterior Cingulate Cortex
  • Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine
  • Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus
  • D1 receptors
  • NMDA receptors
  • Amygdala

Clinical Areas Showing Impairment

  • Huntington’s

Cognitive Functions Covered

  • Learning
  • Emotional Cognition and responding to reinforcement
  • Cognitive Flexibility and Response Inhibition

Typical Training Times (depends on strain and age)

  • Just a few sessions
  • No pre-training required

Scientific Resources

  • Nithianantharajah J, Komiyama NH, McKechanie A, et al. (2013) Synaptic scaffold evolution generated components of vertebrate cognitive complexity. Nat Neurosci.;16(1):16-24. - Abstract
  • Dalley JW, Chudasama Y, Theobald DE, Pettifer CL, Fletcher CM, Robbins TW. (2002). Nucleus accumbens dopamine and discriminated approach learning: interactive effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions and systemic apomorphine administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl).;161(4):425-433.
  • Inglis WL, Olmstead MC, Robbins TW. (2000) Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus lesions impair stimulus?reward learning in autoshaping and conditioned reinforcement paradigms. Behav Neurosci.;114(2): 285-294.
  • Parkinson JA, Willoughby PJ, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. (2000) Disconnection of the anterior cingulate cortex and nucleus accumbens core impairs Pavlovian approach behavior: further evidence for limbic corticalventral striatopallidal systems. Behav Neurosci.;114(1):42-63.